Introduction 9
Terms 9
Organization 10
How to Use This Book 11
I A Welcoming Environment 13
1 English Language Learners from Far and Near 15
Where Do English Language Learners Come From? 15
Understanding the Needs of English Language Learners 16
Welcoming Newcomers to the School 20
To Learn More … 34
2 Creating an Inclusive Classroom 36
Welcomes and Introductions 36
Class Photographs 37
Questionnaires and Language Surveys 38
Roots and Routes 39
Inclusive Displays 40
Peer Tutors and Partners 41
Support for the Efforts of Language Learners 42
A Multilingual Classroom Environment 42
A Multicultural and Anti-Racist Curriculum 43
Multicultural Literature Circles 45
To Learn More … 48
II How English Works 51
3 I Say Tomato: The Sound System of English 53
Phonology: The Sounds of Language 53
The Sounds of English 54
Learning the Sounds of English 55
Teaching Pronunciation 63
To Learn More … 66
4 No More Red Pen: Teaching English Grammar 67
The Rules of Language 68
What Is Grammar? 68
Elements of English Grammar 69
Teaching Grammar 86
To Learn More … 89
5 In Other Words: The Power of English Vocabulary 90
Where Do English Words Come From? 90
How Many Words? 90
Which Words? 94
The Structure of English Words 98
Learning New Words 100
To Learn More … 105
6 English in Real Life: Communicative Competence 106
Discourse Competence 106
Sociolinguistic Competence 109
Strategic Competence 118
To Learn More … 123
7 The Ritn Wird: Reading and Writing in English 125
Differences between Writing and Speech 125
Writing Systems around the World 126
Reading and Writing in English 133
Developing Reading and Writing Skills in English 136
To Learn More … 138
III The Language Learning Environment 139
8 Understanding Second Language Acquisition 141
How Do People Acquire Language(s)? 141
What Are the Ideal Conditions for Language Learning? 147
Do Young Children Learn Languages Better Than Older
Children? 150
How Long Does It Take an English Language Learner to Learn
English? 151
Should I Insist on English Only? 153
Should I Teach Grammar? 155
What about Phonics? 156
Should I Correct Students’ Mistakes? 157
How Can I Encourage Students to Participate in Class? 160
How Can I Promote a Positive Approach to Language
Learning? 161
What about Students Who Speak Another Variety of
English? 164
To Learn More … 165
9 Organizing Language Instruction 167
Organizing the Language Program 167
Methods of Second Language Instruction 175
To Learn More … 181
10 Creating a Supportive Language Learning Environment 183
Providing Comprehensible Instruction 183
Providing Supportive Feedback 186
Incorporating Students’ Languages 189
Cooperative Learning 190
To Learn More … 198
11 Supporting Beginning Language Learners 200
Functional Language 201
Visual Support 202
Copying and Labeling 203
Physical Activity 203
Experience-Based Learning 206
Language Experience Stories 206
Listening to Stories on Tape 207
Games and Puzzles 208
If You Want to Get Started … 208
IV Language Learning across the Curriculum 215
12 Integrating Language and Content Instruction 217
Key Visuals 217
Guided Reading 220
Integrated Vocabulary Instruction 224
Integrated Grammar Instruction 232
Writing Scaffolds 233
Journals 236
The Writing Process 239
Guided Projects 242
Integrating the Arts 245
Alternative Resource Material 247
To Learn More … 249
13 Planning Instruction and Assessment 251
Stages of Development in English as a Second Language 251
A Framework for Planning Instruction 252
Alternative Approaches to Assessment and Evaluation 260
Evaluation and Reporting 269
Putting It All Together: Planning Effective Lessons for English
Language Learners 274
To Learn More … 275
Afterword: A Great Adventure 277
Glossary 279
Index 287
Credits 301